HTML: основы для начинающих. Современные уроки HTML для начинающих

HTML (H ypert ext M arkup L anguage) is the code that is used to structure a web page and its content. For example, content could be structured within a set of paragraphs, a list of bulleted points, or using images and data tables. As the title suggests, this article will give you a basic understanding of HTML and its functions.

So what is HTML?

HTML is not a programming language; it is a markup language that defines the structure of your content. HTML consists of a series of elements , which you use to enclose, or wrap, different parts of the content to make it appear a certain way, or act a certain way. The enclosing for paragraph. Note that the end tag" s name is preceded by a slash character>", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.">tags can make a word or image hyperlink to somewhere else, can italicize words, can make the font bigger or smaller, and so on. For example, take the following line of content:

My cat is very grumpy

If we wanted the line to stand by itself, we could specify that it is a paragraph by enclosing it in paragraph tags:

My cat is very grumpy

Anatomy of an HTML element

Let"s explore this paragraph element a bit further.

The main parts of our element are as follows:

  1. The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element (in this case, p), wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets . This states where the element begins or starts to take effect - in this case where the paragraph begins.
  2. The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This states where the element ends - in this case where the paragraph ends. Failing to add a closing tag is one of the standard beginner errors and can lead to strange results.
  3. The content: This is the content of the element, which in this case is just text.
  4. The element: The opening tag, the closing tag, and the content together comprise the element.

Elements can also have attributes that look like the following:

Attributes contain extra information about the element that you don"t want to appear in the actual content. Here, class is the attribute name , and editor-note is the attribute value . The class attribute allows you to give the element an identifier that can be used later to target the element with style information and other things.

An attribute should always have the following:

  1. A space between it and the element name (or the previous attribute, if the element already has one or more attributes).
  2. The attribute name, followed by an equals sign.
  3. The attribute value, wrapped by opening and closing quotation marks.

Note : Simple attribute values that don"t contain ASCII whitespace (or any of the characters " " ` = < >) can remain unquoted, but it is recommended that you quote all attribute values, as it makes the code more consistent and understandable.

Nesting elements

You can put elements inside other elements too - this is called nesting . If we wanted to state that our cat is very grumpy, we could wrap the word "very" in a ) indicates that its contents have strong importance, seriousness, or urgency. Browsers typically render the contents in bold type."> element, which means that the word is to be strongly emphasized:

My cat is very grumpy.

You do however need to make sure that your elements are properly nested: in the example above, we opened the element represents a paragraph.">

element first, then the ) indicates that its contents have strong importance, seriousness, or urgency. Browsers typically render the contents in bold type."> element; therefore, we have to close the ) indicates that its contents have strong importance, seriousness, or urgency. Browsers typically render the contents in bold type."> element first, then the element represents a paragraph.">

element. The following is incorrect:

My cat is very grumpy.

The elements have to open and close correctly so that they are clearly inside or outside one another. If they overlap as shown above, then your web browser will try to make the best guess at what you were trying to say, which can lead to unexpected results. So don"t do it!

Empty elements

Some elements have no content and are called empty elements . Take the element embeds an image into the document. It is a replaced element."> element that we already have in our HTML page:

This contains two attributes, but there is no closing tag and no inner content. This is because an image element doesn"t wrap content to affect it. Its purpose is to embed an image in the HTML page in the place it appears.

Anatomy of an HTML document

That wraps up the basics of individual HTML elements, but they aren"t handy on their own. Now we"ll look at how individual elements are combined to form an entire HTML page. Let"s revisit the code we put into our index.html example (which we first met in the Dealing with files article):

My test page

Here, we have the following: